Alternative motor windings and drive schemes

[Clugh]

Ok, lassen wir diesen individuellen Unsinn beiseite und wechseln wir hier zum Thema Einzelschichten versus Powercrocos DL mit einem Tribunis Höherer Grundwicklungsfaktor Höhere Selbstinduktivität Höherer Nutfüllfaktor Eine trapezförmigere Gegen-EMK Höhere Überlastdrehmomentfähigkeit Einfacher herzustellen. Es hat mehr Oberwellengehalt (lauter), aber verwenden Sie einfach einen Nutkeil. Auch ohne ihn überwiegen die Vorteile die Nachteile beider bei weitem. Das andere Problem ist, dass die Gegen-EMK mit dem Sechsstufen-Wechselrichter weniger Drehmomentwelligkeit erzeugt. Derzeit ist allgemein anerkannt, dass die Sechsstufenkommutierung für den Hochgeschwindigkeitsbetrieb am effizientesten ist.

[Clugh]

Team Xerox version,

Aber Ralphs Kopie hat hier nichts Bemerkenswertes bewirkt. Wenn die Nutöffnung konstant ist, wird die Sättigung der dicken Zahnspitzen im Vergleich zu dünneren die d-Achsen-Induktion senken. Das geht mit größeren negativen Feldern im PM einher und birgt das Risiko, sie viel schneller zu entmagnetisieren. Die dicken Zahnspitzen führen auch nicht zu einer Überdrehzahl-Phasenverschiebung (Feldschwächung) so gut wie dünnere Zähne. Ich kann mir den Stator ansehen und erkennen, dass kein spezielles Design verwendet wurde. Der angrenzende Winkel seiner Zähne ist nur eine parallele Linie vom angrenzenden Arm. Die Zahnspitzen können die Induktivitäten dramatisch beeinflussen und sollten sorgfältig konstruiert werden. Sein Rotor sieht meiner Meinung nach nicht besonders cool aus, genauso wenig wie seine Magnete. Wenn die Zahnspitze dünn ist, sinkt die Q-Achsen-Induktivität bei hohem Q-Achsen-Strom aufgrund der Sättigung in den Zahnspitzen. Dies ist kein Problem, da die Maschine oberflächenmontierte PMs und keine Ausprägung hat, wenn der Strom null ist. Bei Grundgeschwindigkeit ist der D-Achsen-Strom null und eine niedrigere Q-Achsen-Induktivität würde den Leistungsfaktor tatsächlich verbessern. Wie Sie im Namen von Scorpio sagen, passt die Statorgeometrie vielleicht zu seiner Mononudel, ist aber nicht die beste in Bezug auf die Gesamtleistung des Motors, d. h. Rotorverluste usw. Sagen Sie ihm, Florence Meier und Juliette Soulard von der School of Electrical Engineering, Electrical Machines and Power Electronics Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 33, SE-100 44 Stockholm, sagen Hallo. „Die Zahnspitzen sind auch die Quelle von Eisenverlusten, insbesondere bei flussschwächendem Betrieb. Eine Verringerung ihrer Größe kann die Eisenverluste, aber auch die D-Achsen-Induktivität verringern. Daher sollte ein Kompromiss gefunden werden.“ Die beiden zusätzlichen Anhänge für die Induktivität der Q- und D-Achse und die Sättigung der Zahnspitze sind Modelle von Dr. Zhu, und ich hoffe, er hat Freude daran. Eine Verbesserung des Leistungsfaktors, die seine Laststromstärke verringert, würde ihm nicht viel ausmachen, und er würde auch nichts davon bemerken, weil er sie ohnehin nicht misst.

Viele Grüße, Hubert

[Clugh]

Oh I almost forgot for those interested,. You should by at least a 50ML dispenser gun for the 3m epoxies. This way you can cleanly dispense it into a mixing cup

[Clugh]

• 1 minute ago

• #588

These 1000 pieces will certainly last for a while.
If you buy such batch sizes directly from German wholesalers (industrial suppliers), it is actually "wear material".

Good ideas from Germany? That's not possible at all - you have to look across the pond to see the really good ideas of the one and only model engine professional! Okay, they've been the same for several years, but still.


Appendixes

• 100_3115.JPG 326 KB · Views: 0

Ideen aus Deutschland sind nicht das Problem, Ralph. Es liegt an dir. DEINE Ideen sind falsch. Nicht die aus Deutschland. Du vertrittst nicht ganz Deutschland.

Das ist offensichtlich, denn du wärst viel schlauer. Rassismus war auch nicht eine der besten Ideen Deutschlands, also bist du da so etwas wie ein Dinosaurier, da ich viele deutsche Freunde habe, darunter die, die das dumme Site-Verbot für mich mit IHRER echten Adresse in Deutschland umgangen hat!😘

Und sie wird es wieder tun, wenn ich sie darum bitte...😶 Sie verkauft Porsche in Sarasota, Florida, Junge.

Es ist lustig, dass du angeblich 1000 Aktien postest, ohne eine einzige Möglichkeit, die besten davon auszuwählen! Du beobachtest mich jetzt seit fast 10 Jahren über den großen Teich hinweg, also solltest du wissen...

Sie sind ein Verbrauchsmaterial, klar! Ein billiges Teil, von dem du nicht abrücken wirst, um deinen Kunden bessere Qualität zu bieten. Ich schätze, das ist eine gute Idee aus Deutschland, die du da mitbringst???

Du bist derjenige, der sie dazu gebracht hat, über den großen Teich zu blicken, und jetzt sehen sie, wer du für mich wirklich bist.



Niemand...

Sincerely,
Hubert

[Clugh]

Now watch your guys give you the thumbs up and show off the standard steel bearings you're going to put in their $1000 motors.

Man, those are some real triplen transmitters on the shaft...

[Clugh]

Mitigating ac motor-shaft voltage and bearing currents


JANUARY 31, 2019 BY DAVID HERRES 1 COMMENT FacebookXLinkedInShare
Bearing problems are the greatest single contributing factor in motor failure. Often motor damage happens before bearing wear is noticeable. To avoid expensive repairs and costly downtime, early detection is essential.

Proper installation of replacement bearings and correct lubrication are critical. It is well known that insufficient lubrication brings early bearing failure, but many maintenance workers are unaware that over-lubrication also shortens bearing life. When too much grease has been forced through a fitting, the motor must work harder to make bearing components move through the lubricant. Abnormal friction and pressure raise the temperature, which degrades the lubricant. Additionally, excess grease can be expelled inside the motor enclosure and find its way into the windings, damaging insulation.

Another factor in rapid bearing wear is shaft voltage/bearing current. This arises most often in ac induction motors run in conjunction with VFDs (variable frequency drives) but also takes place, though less frequently, in dc and synchronous ac motors. Shaft circulating currents arise from small differences in the magnetic paths through the stator and rotor iron which generate small voltages between the ends of the shaft as the motor rotates. Some motor makers use insulated bearings to interrupt the path for circulating currents. Circulating currents may also arise if the shaft becomes magnetized.
You might wonder how a VFD could play a role in premature bearing wear and failure. A VFD takes utility ac and creates a variable duty-cycle pulse resembling a square wave. A low-amplitude pulse from the controller is applied to insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs). These switching devices (six in a three-phase motor) supply high-voltage, high-current pulses to power the motor.

The fast rise and fall times are high-frequency pulses. They cause voltage pulses to fly across insulating barriers within the motor because of low capacitive reactance, diverting current through the bearing to the enclosure and then to ground.

VFDs also create common-mode current, which travels to the motor via the cable. The IGBTs, because of their fast switching rates, produce voltage spikes that charge capacitive elements within the cable and motor. Seeking ground, they discharge through the bearing.

This discharge causes fluting, scoring, cracks and fractures. Of course, the damage is cumulative. An early symptom is frosting of the otherwise polished metal surfaces. Also, the grease darkens prematurely from an accumulation of burnt particles.

Bearing current can take any of three forms, all resulting in bearing failure:

• Low-frequency circulating currents do not leave the shaft and go to ground. A type of common-mode current, they are induced in the air gap between stator and rotor and follow a path through the motor frame and motor bearings, bypassing the shaft.
• High-frequency shaft grounding currents pass through the shaft and go to ground via driven equipment such as an elevator hoist.
• Capacitive discharge currents cross the air gap between stator and rotor, pass through the bearing and go to ground through the shaft.

A mechanic’s stethoscope, available for under $10 at Amazon.com, will detect a worn bearing before the motor is damaged. Both bearings should be immediately replaced and the bearing current eliminated. The way to begin is to detect and measure the bearing current to determine if that is actually the problem.

Shaft voltage is only present while the motor runs, particularly where the PWM frequency is high. The VFD pulse-width-modulated power to the motor typically consists of brief spikes that are difficult to measure. What is required is a high-bandwidth instrument equipped with a carbon-brush probe to contact the The Aegis shaft voltage tester bundle.
rotating shaft. The Fluke 190-204 ScopeMeter with an AEGIS shaft voltage probe works better than a digital multimeter in this application. The high bandwidth and fast sampling rate will detect the presence of shaft voltage and determine whether it is high enough to cause arcing through the bearing grease. This equipment is not required to measure the first of the three types of bearing current listed above, because it does not pass through the shaft.

Motors powered by a utility sine wave usually exhibit shaft voltage in the 1 to 2-V neighborhood. When a VFD with rapidly switching pulses enters the picture, you may measure 8 to 15 V, enough to arc through grease and cause early bearing failure. The Fluke VPS420-R voltage probe set.
Measuring shaft voltage on a powerful motor while it is running can be problematic if not dangerous. The VPS420-R shaft voltage probe interfaces with the shaft, connecting to the meter by means of a small conductive carbon brush that rides on the spinning shaft. For this measurement, clip the ground return lead to the motor enclosure. Also, an i400s current probe can be clamped over one of the conductors running from VFD to motor.

A Fluke 190-104 ScopeMeter test tool.
The Fluke ScopeMeter is capable of Connect-And-View automatic triggering, which displays any relevant signal, and ScopeRecord, which stores waveforms in the instrument’s memory so they can be saved, analyzed and sent to colleagues. The ScopeMeter’s isolated channels permit the user to view simultaneously current and voltage.

For preventive maintenance, there are also non-intrusive tests that can often take place with the motor running and in service. One is vibration spectrum analysis. A steady vibration modulated by periodic spikes, for example, is characteristic of fluting in a bearing.

When symptoms appear, the bearings should be replaced. Shaft voltage and bearing current can be eliminated by creating a jumper around the bearing — that is between the motor enclosure, which is at ground potential, and the shaft. The problem with this method is that the shaft is rotating, so contact must take place by means of a conductive brush, which is subject to wear and could fail. The other method is by installing CoolBlue common-mode chokes, also known as inductive absorbers. They last indefinitely and are easily installed by disconnecting power cables, slipping the chokes over them, and re-attaching cables. (For details, see www.Coolblue-mhw.com).

In a manufacturing facility, run-to-failure, as opposed to preventive and predictive maintenance, is not a viable option. It is essential to detect potential mechanical and electrical problems before they arise. Here is what you can do to ensure trouble-free operation:

Vibration analysis consists of taking baseline readings when a new motor goes in service and comparing them to subsequent periodic readings. Damaging trends can be detected and corrective measures taken before failure or expensive repairs and downtime result. The rationale for vibration analysis is that it is an early indicator of the health of rotating machinery, especially large electrical motors.

Vibration data is gathered by either of two methods. It can be measured at the rotating shaft relative to the enclosure or at the enclosure relative to an absolute reference such as the building’s structural steel. Two proximity probes are used, one at each location.

Vibration analysis is particularly useful in detecting stator faults, which otherwise cannot be detected without motor teardown. In a large motor, especially when starting or decelerating rapidly, the stator coils see great stress. Their mounts can deform enough to let the stator touch the rotor, damaging both sections. Also, considerable heat rise can be present.

Field vibration analysis can take place using a portable instrument that identifies vibrations and displays their waveforms, showing frequency and amplitude.

The Fluke 810 Vibration Tester checks rotating machinery for unbalance, looseness, misalignment and bearing failure. It works for motor rotational speeds of 200 to 12,000 RPM. Diagnosis details include plain text readout, fault severity (slight, moderate, serious and extreme), repair details, cited peaks and spectra.

The instrument is autoranging. It has four channels, 24 bit. The usable bandwidth is 2.5 to 50 kHz. The dynamic range is 128 dB with 100-dB signal-to-noise ratio. The FFT resolution is 100. Non-volatile memory consists of SD memory card, 2 GB internal plus a user-accessible slot for additional storage. And it is priced at just under $10,000.

[Clugh]

Thanks
Hubert

[Clugh]

Theory? this is accepted bearing tech. You think the trash is good enuf is your Theory and clearly the balls in them will go flat. You want that and higher amperage at idle. Ok... That is truly brilliant Ralph. hands off.... u got it



Your bearing have passed beyond alll theories. How are the electrical and mechanical specification of a material a bearing is made out of theory and NMB gets around it how? You are not making a bit of sense Ralph.

Youree destroying your winding business to the right readers...

At least I told you.

carry on....

Youre right about all this and Im definitely wrong. Putting the 16 dolla bearing in the 1000 dollar motor is truly the right thing to do for top level competition. Everything literally is riding on it...

Have a nice day i dont have any more time for this.

Hubert

[Clugh]

Oh yeah and now its edited to 100 pieces...

These 100 pieces will certainly last for a while.
If you buy such batch sizes directly from German wholesalers (industrial suppliers), it is actually "wear material".

Good ideas from Germany? That's not possible at all - you have to look across the pond to see the really good ideas of the one and only model engine professional! Okay, they have been the same for several years and he hasn't gotten beyond theory and various detailed studies, but still.



Appendixes

• 100_3115.JPG 326 KB · Views: 4

Last edited: 57 minutes ago

VG Ralph

[Clugh]

Wie kann das sein, Ralph? ich habe keine detaillierten Studien hinter mir und einen Abschluss in Ingenieurwissenschaften und du nicht...? Du klebst gerade Kohlefaser an einen Stator. Und klopfst dir selbst auf die Schulter. Du hast keine Ahnung von PLA/SiC-Verbundwerkstoffen und einer Wärmeleitfähigkeit von 300-400 Watt pro Meter Kelvin. Alles in Labors getestet, die du und deine Jungs euch nicht leisten können. Dein Kapton hat 1,74 Watt pro Meter Kelvin, das Endfest könnte 0,15 sein und wird nicht wirklich am Kapton haften...! Du spinnst, Alter. Also, ich schätze, wir sind wieder beim Arschklatsch-Irrtum. Wunderbar... Ich bin raus ... Ich habe hier Dinge für die Amerikaner zu erledigen. Geh und installiere die NMBs. Ich schätze, die Plastizität ist hinüber...

Auch wenn jeder und seine Mutter etwas mit NMB verwendet haben, sind Sie der Einzige, der denkt, dass es die bessere Option für einen ernsthaften Wettkampf ist, weil Sie es getan haben.

Dieser Idiot redet von detaillierten Studien, ist aber ein totaler Amateur, während ich einen verdammten Stapel an Abschlüssen, Diplomen und Zertifikaten in der Fertigungskunst habe.

Mercedes Benz Vans, Daimler, Amazon Robotics und jetzt Cree haben mir alle meinen Mangel an detaillierten Studien gut bezahlt …

Ich stelle jeden Tag SiC her, während er einfach sein falsches Mundwerk herstellt.

Danke.
Hubert

[Clugh]

Wo sind seine Verbundstatoren oder halbmagnetischen Schlitzkeile für einen Skorpion?
Hubert

[Clugh]

Konstantin Kanelis
To:hubert,Christian Lucas

Thu, Oct 17, 2019 at 2:20 PM

Sie sind unglaublich. Wenn Sie in diesem Tempo bei Berechnungen und Hardware weitermachen, werden Sie bald bessere Ergebnisse erzielen als viele Forscher auf der ganzen Welt.

Ich wünsche Ihnen viel Erfolg!

~Kosta Kennellis~

[Clugh]

Now that was professional peers opinion that matters. Look Kosta and who he is up...
The Americans and any German that chooses Hubert is in damn good shape! I wont put cheap bs back in your motor.
Its as simple as that. Winding dual layer wyes is baby **** but maybe someone has new ideas they want to implement. Whereas one says its good enough you the individual might want more....

Why let someone else set your ceiling on performance of your engine lower over 20 dollars more..

Just think about that logically for 1000 euro machine.

Make it make sense....

[Clugh]

Not trying to be funny, but if that makes sense to you I probably don't want to do business with you anyway...

You are a bit challenged and I do not need the hassle.

This is my final word on the bearing situation. id like to hear more about where the torque went in mrs "empirical studies" . until then....

330 Kv 21kW 7,62 Nm?



Layta
Hubert

[Clugh]

In a nutshell I really don't give a damn who a person solicits for rewinding a motor or who anyone thinks is right. This is the work we're doing here in America!! Take it or leave it!! I wouldn't give a damn to sit here beg and lie about an electric motor just to help some other cat have better performance. I'm not that damn needy. The work I can do is right here and the attention I put to It speaks for itself. You follow it everyday ..... and I totally trust intelligent people to make the right decisions. They can read the difference in philosophy and exposure so I'm not at all worried. On the other hand some men are addicted to German head doctors.😮 So it is what it is...😏

Thank You
Hubert

[Clugh]

Hi,
The theorist is about to run a few motors and take some constants in a few hours, Orange seal ceramic hybrids have been ordered. Theoretic videos and logs will be uploaded to the tube as usual. If triplen current is present at the shaft I certainly want to isolate that if at all possible. If you're not interested in innovation or theory being implemented into real practice. This is probably not the thread for you. The balls are SI3N4 ceramic.

Thank you for you continued interest.
Hubert

[Clugh]

One hover over my attachments let me know there is enough interest in a better bearing to continue doing things the AMERICAN WAY!

Bearings
Silicon nitride bearings are both full ceramic bearings and ceramic hybrid bearings with balls in ceramics and races in steel. Silicon nitride ceramics have good shock resistance compared to other ceramics. Therefore, ball bearings made of silicon nitride ceramic are used in performance bearings. A representative example is use of silicon nitride bearings in the main engines of the NASA's Space Shuttle.^[28][29]

Since silicon nitride ball bearings are harder than metal, this reduces contact with the bearing track. This results in 80% less friction, three to ten times longer lifetime, 80% higher speed, 60% less weight, the ability to operate with lubrication starvation, higher corrosion resistance and higher operation temperature, as compared to traditional metal bearings.^[27] Silicon nitride balls weigh 79% less than tungsten carbide balls. Silicon nitride ball bearings can be found in high end automotive bearings, industrial bearings, wind turbines, motorsports, bicycles, rollerblades and skateboards. Silicon nitride bearings are especially useful in applications where corrosion or electric or magnetic fields prohibit the use of metals, for example, in tidal flow meters, where seawater attack is a problem, or in electric field seekers.^[16]

Si₃N₄ was first demonstrated as a superior bearing in 1972 but did not reach production until nearly 1990 because of challenges associated with reducing the cost. Since 1990, the cost has been reduced substantially as production volume has increased. Although Si₃N₄ bearings are still two to five times more expensive than the best steel bearings, their superior performance and life are justifying rapid adoption. Around 15–20 million Si₃N₄ bearing balls were produced in the U.S. in 1996 for machine tools and many other applications. Growth is estimated at 40% per year, but could be even higher if ceramic bearings are selected for consumer applications such as in-line skates and computer disk drives.^[NASA testing says ceramic-hybrid bearings exhibit much lower fatigue (wear) life than standard all-steel bearings.^[30]

Silicon nitride - Wikipedia

Thanks for your continued interest
Hubert

[Clugh]

Für die Deutschen, die diese Seiten nicht so schnell verlassen werden. Offensichtlich wollen sie die 20 Dollar extra für Informationen, wenn sie überhaupt in unserem Teich sind ... also waren wir wohlwollend gegenüber den armen Seelen, die von einem kleingeistigen Reptil in Deutschland in die Irre geführt wurden.

.
Siliziumnitridlager sind sowohl Vollkeramiklager als auch Keramik-Hybridlager mit Keramikkugeln und Laufringen aus Stahl. Siliziumnitridkeramiken weisen im Vergleich zu anderen Keramiken eine gute Stoßfestigkeit auf. Daher werden Siliziumnitridkeramikkugellager in Hochleistungslagern eingesetzt. Ein repräsentatives Beispiel ist die Verwendung von Siliziumnitridlagern in den Haupttriebwerken des Space Shuttle der NASA.[28][29]

Da Siliziumnitridkugellager härter als Metall sind, wird der Kontakt mit dem Laufring reduziert. Dies führt zu 80 % weniger Reibung, einer drei- bis zehnmal längeren Lebensdauer, 80 % höherer Geschwindigkeit, 60 % weniger Gewicht, der Fähigkeit, ohne Schmierung zu arbeiten, einer höheren Korrosionsbeständigkeit und einer höheren Betriebstemperatur im Vergleich zu herkömmlichen Metalllagern.[27] Siliziumnitridkugeln wiegen 79 % weniger als Wolframkarbidkugeln. Siliziumnitridkugellager finden sich in hochwertigen Automobillagern, Industrielagern, Windturbinen, im Motorsport, in Fahrrädern, Rollerblades und Skateboards. Siliziumnitridlager sind besonders nützlich in Anwendungen, in denen Korrosion oder elektrische oder magnetische Felder den Einsatz von Metallen verbieten, wie z. B. in Gezeitenströmungsmessern, bei denen Meerwasserangriffe ein Problem darstellen, oder in elektrischen Feldsuchern.[16]

Si3N4 wurde erstmals 1972 als überlegenes Lager demonstriert, ging aber erst 1990 in Produktion, da eine Kostensenkung schwierig war. Seit 1990 sind die Kosten deutlich gesunken, da die Produktionsmengen gestiegen sind. Obwohl Si3N4-Lager immer noch zwei- bis fünfmal teurer sind als die besten Stahllager, rechtfertigen ihre überlegene Leistung und Lebensdauer eine schnelle Einführung. 1996 wurden in den Vereinigten Staaten etwa 15–20 Millionen Si3N4-Lagerkugeln für Werkzeugmaschinen und viele andere Anwendungen hergestellt. Das Wachstum wird auf 40 % pro Jahr geschätzt, könnte aber noch höher sein, wenn Keramiklager für Verbraucheranwendungen wie Inlineskates und Computerfestplatten ausgewählt werden. [Laut NASA-Tests haben keramische Hybridlager eine viel kürzere Ermüdungs- (Verschleiß-)Lebensdauer als herkömmliche massive Stahllager.


\

Thanks
Hubert

[Clugh]

SI3N4 Ceramic

[Clugh]

References

1. ^ "Silicon nitride (compound)". PubChem. Retrieved 2023-06-04.
2. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d} Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 4.88. ISBN 1-4398-5511-0.
3. ^ Refractive index database. refractiveindex.info
4. ^ CRC handbook of chemistry and physics : a ready-reference book of chemical and physical data. William M. Haynes, David R. Lide, Thomas J. Bruno (2016-2017, 97th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida. 2016. ISBN 978-1-4987-5428-6. OCLC 930681942.
5. ^ ITEM # SI-501, SILICON NITRIDE POWDER MSDS Archived 2014-06-06 at the Wayback Machine. metal-powders-compounds.micronmetals.com
6. ^ Mellor, Joseph William (1947). A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Vol. 8. Longmans, Green and Co. pp. 115–7. OCLC 493750289.
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8. ^ Carlson, O. N. (1990). "The N-Si (Nitrogen-Silicon) system". Bulletin of Alloy Phase Diagrams. 11 (6): 569–573. doi:10.1007/BF02841719.
9. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f g} Riley, Frank L. (2004). "Silicon Nitride and Related Materials". Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 83 (2): 245–265. doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.2000.tb01182.x.
10. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Nishi, Yoshio; Doering, Robert (2000). Handbook of semiconductor manufacturing technology. CRC Press. pp. 324–325. ISBN 978-0-8247-8783-7.
11. ^ Morgan, D. V.; Board, K. (1991). An Introduction To Semiconductor Microtechnology (2nd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons. p. 27. ISBN 978-0471924784.
12. ^ "Crystec Technology Trading GmbH, Comparison of vertical and horizontal tube furnaces in the semiconductor industry". crystec.com. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
13. ^ Jump up to:^{a b} Shen, Jie; Roozeboom, Fred; Mameli, Alfredo (2023). "Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma-Enhanced Spatial Atomic Layer Deposition of Silicon Nitride at Low Temperature". Atomic Layer Deposition. doi:10.15212/aldj-2023-1000. S2CID 257304966. Retrieved 2023-04-30.
14. ^ "Crystec Technology Trading GmbH, deposition of silicon nitride layers". Retrieved 2009-06-06.
15. ^ Ghosh Chaudhuri, Mahua; Dey, Rajib; Mitra, Manoj K.; Das, Gopes C.; Mukherjee, Siddhartha (2008). "A novel method for synthesis of α-Si₃N₄ nanowires by sol-gel route". Science and Technology of Advanced Materials. 9 (1): 5002. Bibcode:2008STAdM...9a5002G. doi:10.1088/1468-6996/9/1/015002. PMC 5099808. PMID 27877939.
16. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d} Sorrell, Chris (2001-02-06). "Silicon Nitride (Si₃N₄) Properties and Applications". AZo Journal of Materials. ISSN 1833-122X. OCLC 939116350.
17. ^ Nishimura, T.; Xu, X.; Kimoto, K.; Hirosaki, N.; Tanaka, H. (2007). "Fabrication of silicon nitride nanoceramics—Powder preparation and sintering: A review". Science and Technology of Advanced Materials. 8 (7–8): 635–643. Bibcode:2007STAdM...8..635N. doi:10.1016/j.stam.2007.08.006.
18. ^ Peng, p. 38
19. ^ "Crystal structures of Si₃N₄". hardmaterials.de. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
20. ^ Jiang, J. Z.; Kragh, F.; Frost, D. J.; Ståhl, K.; Lindelov, H. (2001). "Hardness and thermal stability of cubic silicon nitride". Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter. 13 (22): L515. Bibcode:2001JPCM...13L.515J. doi:10.1088/0953-8984/13/22/111. S2CID 250763667.
21. ^ "Properties of gamma-Si₃N₄". Archived from the original on July 15, 2006. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
22. ^ Peng, pp. 1-3
23. ^ Zhu, Xinwen; Sakka, Yoshio (2008). "Textured silicon nitride: Processing and anisotropic properties". Science and Technology of Advanced Materials. 9 (3): 3001. Bibcode:2008STAdM...9c3001Z. doi:10.1088/1468-6996/9/3/033001. PMC 5099652. PMID 27877995.
24. ^ Abnormal grain growth Journal of Crystal growth
25. ^ Effect of Grain Growth of B-Silicon Nitride on Strength, Weibull Modulus, and Fracture Toughness Journal of the American Ceramic Society
26. ^ Wang, Xifan; Schmidt, Franziska; Hanaor, Dorian; Kamm, Paul H.; Li, Shuang; Gurlo, Aleksander (2019). "Additive manufacturing of ceramics from preceramic polymers: A versatile stereolithographic approach assisted by thiol-ene click chemistry". Additive Manufacturing. 27: 80–90. arXiv:1905.02060. Bibcode:2019arXiv190502060W. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2019.02.012. S2CID 104470679.
27. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Richerson, David W.; Freita, Douglas W. "Ceramic Industry". Opportunities for Advanced Ceramics to Meet the Needs of the Industries of the Future. Oak Ridge National Laboratory. hdl:2027/coo.31924090750534. OCLC 692247038.
28. ^ "Ceramic Balls Increase Shuttle Engine Bearing Life". NASA. Archived from the original on 2004-10-24. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
29. ^ "Space Shuttle Main Engine Enhancements". NASA. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
30. ^ Zaretsky, Erwin V.; Vlcek, Brian L.; Hendricks, Robert C. (1 April 2005). "Effect of Silicon Nitride Balls and Rollers on Rolling Bearing Life".
31. ^ Eckel, Andrew J. (1999). "Silicon Nitride Rocket Thrusters Test Fired Successfully". NASA. Archived from the original on April 4, 2009.
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Hier sind die akademischen Referenzen zur Theorie und zu echten wissenschaftlichen Studien und Ergebnissen, die Ralph nach eigener Aussage mit einem rostfreien NMB widerlegt hat …

Ich hoffe, die Studien sind detailliert genug für den kleinen arischen Jungen

who does not have 20 more dollars to spare...


Danke
Hubert